The first factor is relevant in determining whether the "tax" is really a tax or a penalty posing as a tax. I'm not sure the second factor is relevant, since the taxing power is independent of Congress' regulatory powers, and the Supreme Court has repeatedly held that Congress can tax things it can't otherwise regulate.Lorax wrote:If memory serves, taxes should be upheld if there is some reasonable relationship to revenue production, or if Congress has the authority to regulate the activity that is being taxed.
The argument against the tax is that because it isn't an excise, duty, or impost within the accepted meaning of those terms, it must be a direct tax that must be apportioned. Here's a good discussion:
http://taxprof.typepad.com/taxprof_blog ... e-tax.html
The bulk of the debate centers on whether it's an excise, a type of tax that has always been predicated upon a privilege, an event, the use of property, or certain activities. It's never been based upon inactivity.