Nikki, you are vernacularly correct; technically, judgment was rendered against Pete for the amount of the refunds.
Grammarian, if you want to know what would cause me to declare my current position untrue, it would basically only happen if I came across a position which both contradicts my current position and also aligns more with the evidence I have than my current position. Pete's position has not lost, because Pete's position was not ruled on at all.
Given the nature of our courts, I am leaning toward the likelihood of Pete being denied on appeal. However, there is also a real possibility that his position may actually get ruled on this time, in which case he would necessarily win because his position is simply what the statutes say. But I think it far likelier that even with the best-crafted appeal, the government will (again) succeed in misrepresenting Pete's position and (again) fail to rule on it.
Dan, as the context demonstrates, Pete is saying "withholding only applies to" government workers in the hypothetical contemplated immediately prior, i.e., where corporate officers are NOT "paid as a consequence of their positions". Pete is also not in this passage commenting on what constitutes "like kind or class" to the classes enumerated, relying on the words "officer of a corporation" and "government workers" to include the like kinds and classes. After all, he included those classes specifically in his thorough exposition in pp. 54-63, culminating p. 61 in the observation,
Cracking the Code wrote:The best that could be claimed in favor of the government's preferred characterization of our key terms is that "employee" in Section 3401 be understood to include other federal workers whose descriptions are not specifically listed.
In short, 3401(c) employee means only government workers, corporate officers, and others of like kind and class; and whatever the like kind and class means, it is narrow and does not generally contain private workers. They are not "excluded" because they were never "included". If private workers were part of 3401 because of the word "includes", they would also be part of 3231 because of the word "includes" and thereby subject to Railroad Retirement.
Pete's position is that his pay for work is not 3401 "wages" because 3401 "employee" means government, corporate, and similar workers. Nancy in effect ruled, "Pete's position is frivolous because his position is that his pay for work is not 3401 'wages' because 3401 'employee' means government workers." Anyone reading the record can see that Nancy changed Pete's position into a strawman so that she could rule against it. Anyone who thinks Pete's position is essentially the same as the strawman has yet to prove it.